As a student, it is important for you to know why we give credit to sources that we use in our writing. You write academic papers to display independent thought—not simply to explain what other people have said about a topic. However, you should understand how to identify, locate, evaluate, and incorporate outside research to support and build upon your own ideas. Often, students get lost in the research and forget that they are trying to get a certain point across. Thus, choosing research should be a deliberate and careful process, in which you extend upon your own thoughts and ideas and properly give credit to those ideas that are not your own. Citing sources helps to identify ownership of ideas—with proper citations, the reader understands which ideas are yours and which ideas come from an outside source.

In addition, documenting sources serves the reader and the members of a particular discipline, in that it demonstrates how knowledge has been formed. When you cite someone else’s work, you are helping the reader understand how you have developed your ideas (Misser 2). If you pass off another’s ideas as your own, this is academic dishonesty, which not only threatens the academic integrity of UAH, but also the integrity of the specific course and discipline that you are writing for, whether it is sociology or English. You are also cheating yourself out of meaningful learning.

Finally, you need to learn about the particular type of documentation that you are expected to utilize in your writing assignments. Often, documentation style varies from course to course. MLA, APA, and Chicago styles of documentation seem to be the most common types of documentation used in academic disciplines, so brief explanations and examples from these documentation styles follow.

Key terms

Source: The source is where the writer gets his or her information from, whether it is a book, journal article, a website, or any other source.

Cite: When students cite a source in their paper, also called an in-text citation, they are briefly telling their reader where they got their information from. The reader can use this in-text citation to find more information about the source on the works cited page.

In-text citation: An in-text citation is when students provide information about the source in the text of their paper. Often, in-text citations include a signal phrase which includes the author’s name and a parenthetical reference, which can include the author’s name and the page number.

Parenthetical reference: The parenthetical reference is part of the in-text citation. At the end of the source material, whether it is a paraphrase or a direct quote, there should be parentheses with the page number of the source material. Often, students also include the last name of the author of the source in the parentheses.

Works cited page: The works cited page comes at the end of the student’s paper. The works cited page lists in alphabetical order the sources that the student cited. Each entry in the works cited page includes detailed publication information that the reader can use to consult the source.

Paraphrasing: When students use information from a source, they can do it in one of two ways: quoting or paraphrasing. If they put the information entirely in their own words, then they are paraphrasing. While a paraphrase still needs to be cited, students do not need to put quotation marks around it.

Quoting: Quoting is when students put the information from the source in the exact words from the source. Quotation marks need to be at the beginning and end of the quote.

MLA DOCUMENTATION STYLE

The Modern Language Association created the MLA style of documentation, which is often used in English and other humanities courses. The MLA style of documentation is outlined in detail in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 5th edition (1999). A brief outline of the common citations that the student writer will use is provided, but the student may benefit from using the handbook as a reference tool.

In-text citations
MLA recommends that writers use in-text citations to refer readers to a list of works cited that comes at the end of the paper, which provides publication information about the source. An in-text citation often combines a signal phrase to name the author of the source and parenthetical reference, which notes the page number in parentheses. In the following example, the in-text citation is shown first and then the works cited entry that the in-text citation links to.

In-text citation:
Norton explains that although some think of the mall as just a place to buy what
they need, malls also help “to restore something of the lost unity of city life to the
suburbs”(39).

Entry in the list of works cited:
Norton, Anne. “The Signs of Shopping.” Signs of Life in the USA. 2nd ed. Eds. Sonia
        Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston: Bedford, 1997. 38-45.

General Guidelines
• The signal phrase indicates that an idea or a thought, whether it is in the form of a summary, paraphrase, or a direct quote, has been taken from an outside source.
• The parenthetical reference comes after the cited material and includes the page number from the source that the material was taken from. The reader can look up the author’s name from the signal phrase in the list of works cited to find out more information about the source.
• If the reader wants to actually consult the source, the page number in the in-text citation and the page numbers in the list of work cited allow the reader to go directly to the passage that the writer used.
• Titles of books are underlined or italicized, whereas titles of articles or other short sources are put in quotation marks.

Signal Phrases
Usually, the signal phrase contains the author’s name.

Turback claims that “regulated sport hunting has never driven any wild species into extinction” (74).

Sometimes, though, the author’s name can be included in parentheses with the
page number. Usually writers do this when they consecutively use material from the
same source. Students should make sure that there is no punctuation between the name
and the page number and the period comes after the parentheses.

Though the number of lion attacks on humans is low, the rate of increase
of attacks since the 1960s is cause for serious concern (Rychnovsky 43).

Specific in-text citations

Unknown Author
If the author is unknown, MLA recommends using the complete title or a short
form of the title of the source in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical reference.

As of 2001, at least three hundred towns and municipalities had
considered legislation regulating use of cell phones while driving
(“Lawmakers” 2).

Unknown Page Number
If the page number is unknown, omit the page number from the parenthetical reference. Some web documents are broken into sections or paragraphs; in that case, put the paragraph or section number in parentheses, preceded by “par.” or “sec.”

The California Highway Patrol opposes restrictions on the use of phones while driving, claiming that distracted drivers can already be prosecuted (Jacobs).

Two or three authors
Name the authors in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical reference. If there are three authors, separate the names by commas.

Solomon and Gajilan point out that advertisers like to use animated
mascots instead of real celebrities because cartoons are cheaper and easier
to control (153).

Four or more authors
If the source has four or more authors, include only the first author’s last name
followed by “et al.” (“and others”)in the signal phrase or parenthetical reference.

The study was extended for two years, and only after the results were
duplicated on both coasts did the authors publish their results (Doe et al.
137).

Corporate author
When a corporation or an organization is the author of the source, name the
corporate or organization author in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical reference.

Researchers at the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis found that the risks of
driving while phoning were small compared with other driving risks (3-4).

Encyclopedia or Dictionary
Include the author’s name in the signal phrase or parentheses, if the encyclopedia or
dictionary has an author. If an encyclopedia or a dictionary does not have an author, include the word taken from the source in the text or in the parenthetical reference. No
page number is needed.

The word crocodile has a surprisingly complex etymology (“Crocodile”).

An Entire Work
To cite an entire work, simply include the author’s name in the signal phrase and
omit page numbers in the parenthetical reference.

Robinson succinctly describes the status of the mountain lion controversy
in California.

A Work in an Anthology
The name of the author or the work (not the name of the editor of the anthology) goes in the signal phrase or the parenthetical reference.

In Susan Glaspell’s “A Jury of Her Peers,” Mrs. Hale describes both a
style of quilting and a murder weapon when she utters the last words of
the story: “We call it—knot it, Mr. Henderson” (302).

Literary Works without Parts or Line Numbers
For literary works that do not have parts or line numbers, such as novels or short
stories, simply put the author’s name in the signal phrase or parentheses and the
page number in parentheses.

In the end of Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour,” Mrs. Mallard drops
dead upon learning that her husband is alive. In the final irony of the
story, doctors report that she has died of a “joy that kills” (25).

Plays
For plays, MLA recommends that the parenthetical reference should
include the act, scene, and line numbers of the specific passages or words
from the play.

In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare’s Hamlet defines the purpose
of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now was and is, to hold, as
‘twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).

Poems
For poems that have both parts and line numbers, include the part and line
numbers in parentheses. For poems that do not have parts, simply include the line
numbers in parentheses.

When Homer’s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men
“mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).

Sacred Texts
For sacred texts, such as the Bible or the Koran, put the name of the edition of the sacred text in the signal phrase or the parenthetical reference, and include the chapter or verse of the passage in parentheses.

Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemy be hungry, give him food
to eat, and if he be thirsty, give him to drink” (New American Bible, Prov.
25.21)

Electronic Sources
Like other sources, if the electronic source has an author, include the author’s
name in the signal phrase or parentheses. In addition, include the page number in
parentheses. Like other sources, if the author is unknown for an electronic source(which is sometimes the case), use the complete title in a signal phrase or a short form of the title in parentheses. Like other sources, if the page number is unknown, omit the page number from the parenthetical reference. Some web documents are broken into sections or paragraphs; in that case, put the paragraph or section number in parentheses.

Using historical writings about leprosy as an example, Demaitre argues
that “the difference between curability and treatability is not modern
invention” (29).

List of Works Cited
MLA recommends that at the end of a research paper, the student writer should include an alphabetized list of works cited that links to the in-text citations. The list of works cited gives detailed publication information about the sources cited within the research paper, so that the reader can consult those sources if need be. Sources that were not actually cited in the research paper should not be included in the list of works cited.

General Guidelines
• List the works in alphabetical order by the author’s last
name or by the title if a work does not have an author.
• Include the author’s full first and last name if possible.
• Titles of books are underlined or italicized, whereas titles of articles or other short sources are put in quotation marks.
• The second line and subsequent lines should be indented for each entry.

Guidelines for Specific Works

Basic format for a book
The entry for most books should include the author’s last name followed by the
author’s first name, the title of the book either underlined or italicized, and the
place of publication, the name of the publisher, and the date of publication.

Meyer, Michael. Thinking and Writing about Literature. Boston:
Bedford, 1995.

Author of a book with an editor
An entry for a book with an editor should include the author’s last and first
names, the title of the book either underlined or italicized, the name of the editor,
and the publication information. The abbreviation “Ed.” Stands for “edited by,”
so this abbreviation can also be used when there are multiple editors of a book.

Keruac, Jack. Atop an Underwood. Ed. Paul Marion. New York:
Penguin, 2000.

Unknown author
An entry for a source with an unknown author begins with the work’s title,
followed by the publication information. Underline or italicize the title of a book,
and put quotation marks around titles of articles and other short works.

Oxford Essential World Atlas. New York: Oxford UP, 1996.

Corporate author
The entry for a corporate author or some other organization includes the
name of the corporation, then the title of the source, and finally, the publication
information.

Bank of Boston. Bank by Remote Control. Boston: Bank of Boston,
1997.

A work in an anthology
An anthology is a collection of works, and an entry in the works cited page begins
with the name of the author of the selection from the anthology, not with the name
of the editor of the anthology. The title of the selection comes next, followed by
the title of the anthology. Then include the name of the editor, publication
information, and the page numbers from which the selection comes.

Malouf, David. “The Kyogle Line.” The Oxford Book of Travel Stories.
Ed. Patricia Craig. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996. 390-96.

Encyclopedia or dictionary
For an entry for an encyclopedia or a dictionary that is well-known, include the
author of the entry (if there is one), the title of the entry, the title of the reference
work, the edition number (if there is one), and the date of the edition.

“Sonata.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. 1997.

For an entry for a reference work that is not well known, include the publication
information (location, publisher, and date).

Sacred text
Entries for sacred texts include the title of the edition of the sacred text either
underlined or italicized, the editor’s name (if there is one), and the publication
information.

Holy Bible: New Living Translation. Wheaton: Tyndale, 1996.

Foreward, introduction, preface, or afterword
Entries for forwards, introductions, prefaces, or afterwords begin with the author
of the part of the book, followed by the name of the part of the book
(forward, introduction, preface, or afterword). If the part of the book has a title,
give the title of the part, rather than stating whether the part is the introduction,
etc. The title of the book comes next (italicized or underlined), followed by the
name of the author of the book and the name of the editor (if any). Finally,
include the publication information and the page numbers from which the part of
the book was cited.

Morris, Jan. Introduction. Letters from the Field, 1925-1975. By
Margaret Mead. New York: Perennial-Harper, 2001. xix-xxiii.

Article in a journal paginated by volume
Entries for journal articles paginated by volume include the author’s name, the
title of the article in quotations, the title of the journal underlined or italicized,
followed by the volume number, the year of publication, and the page numbers of
the article.

Cheuse, Alan. “Narrative Painting and Pictorial Fiction.” Antioch Review
55 (1997): 277-91.

Article in a journal paginated by issue
Entries for journal articles paginated by issue follow the same format as journal
articles paginated by volume, except that after the volume number, there should
be a period, followed by the issue number.

Dennis, Carl. “What is Our Poetry to Make of Ancient Myths? New
England Review 18.4 (1997): 128-40.

Article in a daily newspaper
Entries for newspaper articles include the author’s name, the title of the article in
quotations, the title of the newspaper underlined or italicized, the date, and the
page number of the article. Include a plus sign (+) after the page number if the article is not on consecutive pages.

Murphy, Sean P. “Decisions on Status of Tribes Draw Fire.” Boston Globe
27 Mar. 2001: A2.

An entire web site
Entries for an entire web site begin with the name of the author or corporate author
of the web site, followed by the title of the site underlined or italicized, followed by
the name of any editors, the date of publication or last update, the name of any
sponsoring organization, the date of access, and the URL (web address) in
angle brackets. Provide as much information that is available, though some web sites
will have corporate authors, unknown authors, or editors.

Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. 1999. 9 Mar. 2001
<http://pweb.netcom.com/~supeters/luther.htm>.

Short work from a web site
Entries for short works from web sites include those works that are in quotation
marks, such as articles, poems, and other short documents. For short works from
a web site, include as much information as possible, including the author’s name, the title
of the short work in quotation marks, the title of the web site in italics or underlined, date
of publication, sponsor of the web site, the date of access, and the URL.

Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” NativeWeb. 15 Sept.
2001.<http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html>.

Online book
Entries for books posted on the Web should include the author’s name, the title of
the book italicized or underlined, the publication information, the date of access, and the URL in angle brackets.

Rawlins, Gregory J.E. Moths to the Flame. Cambridge: MIT P, 1996. 3
Apr. 2001 <http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Moths/contents.html>.

Article in an online periodical
Entries for online articles are similar for entries for printed articles, but include
the date of access and the URL in angle brackets.

Calabrese, Michael. “Between Despair and Ecstasy: Marco Polo’s Life of
the Buddha.” Exemplaria 9.1 (1997). 22 June 1998
<http://web.english.ufl.edu/english/exemplaria/calax.htm>.

*See source for more information on MLA Documentation Style.
Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford, 2003.

APA DOCUMENTATION STYLE
The American Psychological Association created the APA style of documentation, which includes in-text citations and a reference list. APA style is often used for writing in the field of psychology and other social sciences. A brief outline of how to do in-text citations and develop a reference list follows, but the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed., (2001) is a helpful reference tool for APA style.

In-text citations
APA recommends that writers use in-text citations that include the name of the author of the source and the date of publication, and sometimes, include the page number in parentheses. These in-text citations are linked to a reference page at the end of the paper, which provides more detailed publication information about the sources.

General Guidelines
• The date of publication must be included in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical reference.
• Page numbers are only needed in the parenthetical reference when the writer is citing a direct quotation.
• Titles of books are italicized, whereas articles and shorter works have quotation marks around them.

In-text citation:
Norton (1997) explains that although some think of the mall as just a place to buy what the need, malls also help “to restore something of the lost unity of city life to the suburbs” (p.39).

Entry in the list of works cited:
Norton, A. (1997). The signs of shopping. In S. Maasik and J. Solomon (Eds.), Signs of Life in the USA. (2nd ed.) (pp.38-45). Boston: Bedford.

Signal Phrases
APA recommends that the writer does not include quotations or paraphrases into
the text without warning, meaning that the writer needs to use signal phrases,
which usually include the author’s name and date of publication.

Meyer (1995) suggests that instead of choosing to write about something just because it seems easy, “it’s generally best to write about a topic that you feel strongly about” (p.9).

Sometimes, though, the author’s name can be included in parentheses with the
page number. Usually writers do this when they consecutively use material from the
same source. Make sure that there are commas between the name, date,
and page numbers and that “p.” comes before the page number.

Instead of choosing to write about something just because it seems easy,
“it’s generally best to write about a topic that you feel strongly about”
(Meyer, 1995, p.9).

Specific in-text citations

Unknown Author
If the author is unknown, APA recommends using the complete title in the signal
phrase or a short form of the title in the parenthetical reference.

A team of researchers has concluded that many of these behaviors
are cultural, not just responses to environmental factors (“Chimps,”
1999).

Two authors
Every time a source with two authors is cited, both authors’ names should be in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical reference. If the authors’ names are in the signal phrase, separate them by the word “and.” If the authors’ names are in the parentheses, separate them by “&.”

According to Solomon and Gajilan (2000), advertisers like to use
animated mascots instead of real celebrities because cartoons are cheaper
and easier to control. (notice that this example is a paraphrase, so no page
number is needed in the parentheses).

or

Advertisers like to use animated mascots instead of real celebrities
because cartoons are cheaper and easier to control (Solomon & Gajilan,
2000).

Three to five authors
If the source has three to five authors, the writer should identify all authors in the
signal phrase or parenthetical reference the first time they cite the source, and in
subsequent citations, the writer should only include the first author’s last name,
followed by “et al.” For a work with six or more authors, use the first author’s
name and “et al.” for every citation.

Nim was able to string together as many as 16 signs, but their order
appeared quite random (Terrace et al., 1979).

Electronic Sources
Whenever possible, cite electronic sources the same way printed sources
would be cited, using the author-date style.

R. Fouts and D. Fouts (1999) have explained one benefit of ape
language research: It has shown us how to teach children with
linguistic disabilities.

Often, the author of an electronic source is unknown, and in this case, the
writer should give the title of the source in the signal phrase or a shortened
version of the title in the parentheses.

According to a BBC article, chimpanzees at sites in West Africa,
Tanzinia, and Uganda exhibit culture-specific patterns of behavior
when grooming one another (“Chimps,” 1999).

When the date of an electronic source is unknown, use the abbreviation
“n.d.” (“no date”).

Reference List
APA recommends that at the end of the paper, there should be an alphabetical list of works cited titled “References.” The list of references should correspond directly to those sources cited in the text, so that the reader can find out more detailed publication information about the cited works.

General Guidelines
• In the list of works cited, list the works in alphabetical order by the author’s last
name or by the title if a work does not have an author.
• The writer should also include the author’s first initial (if available) after the last name.
• For each entry, the second and subsequent lines should be indented.

Guidelines for Specific Entries

Basic format for a book
Book entries should begin with the author’s last name, followed by the author’s
first initial. The date of publication should come next, and then, the name of the
book in italics. The entry should end with the name of the publisher and the
publication location.

Meyer, M. (1995). Thinking and Writing about Literature. Boston:
Bedford.

Book with an editor
An entry for a book with an editor but no author begins with the name of the
editor or editors followed by the abbreviation “Ed.” in parentheses. Next, the
entry should have the date of publication in parentheses, followed by the title of
the book in italics and the publication company and location.

Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of
growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Unknown author
An entry for a source with an unknown author begins with the work’s title,
followed by the publication information. Italicize the title of a book,
and put quotation marks around titles of articles and other short works.

Oxford essential world atla.s (1996). New York: Oxford UP.

Corporate author
The entry for a corporate author or some other organization should begin with the
name of the corporation, then the publication date of the source, the title of the
source, and finally, the name of the publisher and the publication location.

Bank of Boston. (1997). Bank by Remote Control. Boston: Bank of
Boston.

Article in a journal paginated by volume
Entries for journal articles paginated by volume include the author’s name, followed by the date of publication, the title of the article (only the first letter capitalized), the title of the journal in italics, followed by the volume number in italics, and ending with the page numbers of the article.

Morawski, J. (2000). Social psychology a century ago. American Psychologist,
55, 427-431.

Article in a journal paginated by issue
Entries for journal articles paginated by issue follow the same format as journal
articles paginated by volume, except that after the volume number, the issue
number should be enclosed in parentheses.

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.

Article in a daily newspaper
Entries for newspaper articles include the author’s name, the exact date of
publication in parentheses, followed by the title of the article. The entry should
also include the title of the newspaper in italics, followed by the page numbers
introduced with “p.” or “pp.”

Haney, D.Q. (1998, February 20). Finding eats at mystery of appetite. The
Oregonian, pp.A1, A17.

Article from an online periodical
Entries for articles from online periodicals begin with the author’s last name,
followed by the author’s first initials. Then comes the exact date of publication of
the article, the title of the article, followed by “Electronic version” in brackets,
and then the name of the journal in italics or underlined, followed by the volume,
issue, and page numbers. If the article also appears in a printed journal, a URL is
not required, but if there is no print version, include the URL.

Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000, December 1). Power through appointment [Electronic
version]. Social Science Research 29(4), 535-555.

or

Ashe, D.D., & McCutcheon, L.E. (2001, May 4). Shyness, loneliness, and attitude
toward celebrities. Current Research in Social Psychology, 6(9).
Retrieved July 3, 2001, from http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.9.htm

Article from a database
To cite an article from an electronic database, such as PsychInfo and JSTOR,
include the author’s name, the date of publication, the title of the article, the title
of the journal in italics, the volume, issue, and page, numbers, as well as the date
of access, name of the database, and the document number (if available).

Holliday, R.E., & Hayes, B.K. (2001, January). Dissociating automatic and
intentional processes in children’s eyewitness memory. Journal of
Experimental Child Psychology, 75(1), 1-5. Retrieved February 21, 2001,
from Expanded Academic ASAP database (A59317972).

Nonperiodical web document
If the following elements are available, the entry should include the author’s
name, the date of publication, the title of the document in italics, the date of
access, and the URL of the source. If all of the elements are not available, include
as much as possible.

Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April). Investigation of the use of mobile phones
while driving. Retrieved January 15, 2000, from
http://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu/its/mobile_phone_text.htm

Chapter or section in a web document
Entries begin with the author, year of publication, and the title of the chapter or
the section. Then write “In” and give the title of the web document, followed by
any identifying information in parentheses and the date of access and URL.

Heuer, R.J., Jr. (1999). Keeping an open mind. In Psychology of intelligence
analysis (chap. 6). Retrieved July 7, 2001, from
http://www.cia.gov/csi/books/19104/art9.html

*See source for more information on APA documentation style
Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford, 2003.

CHICAGO STYLE OF DOCUMENTATION

Chicago style of documentation is often used in history and other humanities courses. Chicago style is described in detail in The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. (1993), but it is useful to briefly outline some of the basics here. History professors and some other humanities professors often require footnotes or endnotes that link to a bibliography at the end of the student’s paper.

Text
A Union soldier, Jacob Thomas, claimed to have seen Forrest order the killing,
but when asked to describe the six-foot-two general, he called him “a little bit of a
man.”10

Footnote or Endnote
10. Brian Steel Wils, A Battle from the Start: The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 187).

Bibliography Entry
Wils, Brian Steel. A Battle from the Start: The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest.
New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

Footnotes/Endnotes
General Guidelines
• Give a full note for a first reference to a source and abbreviate notes for subsequent references.

First reference
1. Peter Burchard, One Gallant Rush: Robert Gould Shaw and His Brave Black Regiment (new York: St. Martin’s Press, 1965), 85.
Second reference
4. Burchard, 31.

• In initial footnotes/endnotes, write the entire author’s name.
• In the footnotes/endnotes, indent the first line of the entries.
• For citations for more than one work by the same author, include a short form of the title in subsequent citations. Titles of books are italicized and titles of articles are in quotation marks.

8. Burchard, One Gallant Rush, 31.

10. Burchard, “Civil War,” 10.
Guidelines for Specific Footnotes/Endnotes

Basic format for a book
Footnotes/endnotes for books begin with the author’s name, followed by the title of the
book in italics. Then comes the publication information in parentheses, followed by the
page number of the cited material.

1. William H. Rehnquist, The Supreme Court: A History (New York: Knopf, 2001), 204.

Two or three authors
Footnotes/endnotes for works with two or three authors include the authors’ names, the
title of the work in italics, the publication information in parentheses, and the page
numbers of the cited material.

2. Michael D. Coe and Mark Van Stone, Reading the Maya Glyphs (London:
Thames & Hudson, 2002), 129-30.

Four or more authors
Footnotes/endnotes for works with four or more authors begin with the first author’s full
name, followed by “et al.” (“and others”). The title in italics comes next and then the
publication information in parentheses. The last element of the footnote/endnote is the
page numbers of the cited material.

3. Jean-Bruno Mikissa et al., A First Look at Logging in Gabon (Washington,
D.C.: World Resources Institute, 2000), 34.

Unknown author
If there is no author of the source, the footnote/endnote should first include the title of the
work, followed by the publication information in parentheses, ending with the page
numbers of the cited material.

4. The Men’s League Handbook on Women’s Suffrage (London, 1912), 23.

Edited work without an author
A footnote/endnote for an edited work without an author includes the name of the editor,
followed by “ed.” Next, include the title of the work in italics, the publication
information in parentheses, and the page numbers of the cited material.

5. Jack Beatty, ed., Colossus: How the Corporation Changed America (New
York: Broadway Books, 2001), 127.

Edited work with an author
For an edited work with an author, the footnote/endnote first includes the author’s full
name, followed by the title of the work in italics and the editor’s name preceded by “ed.”
Next, the publication information should be in parentheses, followed by the page
numbers of the cited material.

6. Ted Poston, A First Draft of History, ed. Kathleen A. Hauke (Athens:
University of Georgia Press, 2000), 46.

Work in an anthology
A footnote/endnote for a work in an anthology includes the author of the selection’s full
name, the title of the selection, the title of the anthology in italics, the name of the editor,
the publication information in parentheses, and the page numbers of the cited material.

7. Zora Neale Hurston, “From Dust Tracks on a Road,” in The Norton Book of
American Autobiography, ed. Jay Parini (New York: Norton, 1999), 336.

Encyclopedia or dictionary
A footnote/endnote for an encyclopedia or a dictionary citation begins with the title of the
encyclopedia or dictionary in italics, followed by the edition number. After the edition
number, include the abbreviation “s.v.”(“under the word”), followed by the word or
phrase cited in quotation marks.

8. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “Monroe Doctrine.”

Biblical reference
A footnote/endnote for a biblical reference begins with the title of the book of the Bible,
followed by the chapter and verse numbers. Last, include the title of the edition of the
Bible.
9. Matt.20.4-9 Revised Standard Version.

Article in a journal paginated by volume
A footnote/endnote for a journal article paginated by volume begins with the author’s full
name, followed by the name of the article in quotation marks. The title of the journal
should be in italics, preceded by a comma, followed by the volume number, year of
publication in parentheses, and the page numbers of the cited material.

10. Virginia, Guedea, “The Process of Mexican Independence,” American
Historical Review 105 (2000): 120.

Article in a journal paginated by issue
A footnote/endnote for a journal article paginated by issue begins with the author’s full
name, the title of the article in quotation marks, and the title of the journal in italics.
Next, include the volume number and the issue number preceded by “no.” The
publication date is in parentheses, followed by the page numbers of the cited material.

11. Jonathon Zimmerman, “Ethnicity and the History Wars in the 1920s,” Journal
of American History 87, no.1 (2000): 101.

Article in a newspaper
A footnote/endnote for an article in a newspaper includes the author’s full name,
followed by the title of the article in quotation marks, the title of the newspaper in italics,
the exact date of publication, and the page numbers or section name of the cited material

12. Dan Berry, “A Mill Closes, and a Hamlet Fades to Black,” New York Times,
16 February 2001, sec.A.

An entire web site
A footnote/endnote for an entire web site begins with the author’s name or the corporate
author’s name (if known), followed by the title of the web site in italics. Then give the
exact date of publication, the web site’s URL in angle brackets, and the date of access in
parentheses.

13. Kevin Rayburn, The 1920s, 9 April 2000,
<http://www.louisville.edu/~kprayb01/1920s.html> (6 March 2001).

Short document from a web site
A footnote/endnote for a short document from a web site includes as much
information that is available. Begin with the author’s name, the title of the short
document in quotation marks, the title of the web site in italics, followed by the date of
publication. Then give the web site’s URL, followed by the date of access in parentheses
and the page numbers of the cited material. Many web documents do not have page
numbers, so give the text division (if possible), or where a heading breaks off the text of
the article being cited.

14. Sheila Connor, “Historical Background,” Garden and Forest, Library of
Congress, 23 December 1999, <http://lcweb.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/historygf.html>
(20 January 2001), Origins and Inspiration.

Online book
For a footnote/endnote for an online book, give as much information as possible. Include
the author’s full name, the title of the book in italics, the publication information in
parentheses, the URL, the date of access in parentheses, followed by the page number of
the cited material.

15. Heinz, Kramer, A Changing Turkey: The Challenge to Europe and the United
States (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Press, 2000),
<http://brookings.nap.edu/books/0815750234/html/index.html> (16 November 2001), 85.

Document from a database
A footnote/endnote for a document from a database begins with the author’s full name,
the name of the document in quotation marks, the title of the journal in italics, followed
by the volume and issue numbers. Then include the date of publication in parentheses,
the name of the database in italics, the name of the service, and the date of access in
parentheses.

16. Anna Clark, “The New Poor Law and the Breadwinner Wage: Contrasting
Assumptions,” Journal of Social History 34, no.2 (2000): 261, Expanded Academic
ASAP, InfoTrac (20 March 2001).

Bibliography Entries
The bibliography appears at the end of the research paper and lists in alphabetical order every work cited in the paper. The bibliography includes sources that the writer cited and sources
the writer simply consulted.

General Guidelines

• Bibliography entries have different punctuation than footnotes/endnotes.
• Include the author’s full first and last names if possible.
• The second and subsequent lines of each entry should be indented.
• Titles of books are italicized, whereas titles of shorter works, such as articles, are put within quotation marks.

Basic format for a book
An entry for a book begins with the author’s last name followed by the author’s first
name. Then give the title of the book in italics, the publication location and name of the
publisher, followed by the date of publication.

Rehnquist, William H. The Supreme Court: A History. New York: Knopf, 2001.

Two or three authors
An entry for a source with two or three authors begins with the name of the first author
(last name comes first), followed by the name of the second author (first name comes
first). Then include the title of the work, the place of publication and the name of the
publisher, followed by the date of publication.

Coe, Michael D., and Mark Van Stone. Reading the Maya Glyphs. London: Thames &
Hudson, 2002.

Four or more authors
Entries for works with four or more authors should include the name of the first author,
followed by “et al.” (“and others”). Then include the title of the work, and the
publication information.

Mikissa, Jean-Bruno, et al. A First Look at Logging in Gabon. Washington, D.C.:
World Resources Institute, 2000.

Unknown author
An entry for a work with an unknown author includes the title of the work, followed
by the publication information.

The Men’s League Handbook on Women’s Suffrage. London, 1912.

Edited work without an author
An entry for an edited work without an author includes the name of the editor, followed
by “ed.” Then give the name of the work, followed by the publication information.

Beatty, Jack, ed. Colossus: How the Corporation Changed America. New York:
Broadway Books, 2001.

Edited work with an author
An entry for an edited work with an author begins with the author’s name, followed by
the title of the work. Then include the phrase “Edited by” and the editor’s name,
followed by the publication information.

Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History. Edited by Kathleen A. Hauke. Athens: University
        of Georgia Press, 2000.

Work in an anthology

An entry for a work in an anthology begins with the author of the selection’s name,
followed by the title of the selection. Then include the title of the anthology in italics,
followed by “edited by” and the editor’s name. Finally, include the page numbers of the
selection and the publication information.

Hurston, Zora Neale. “From Dust Tracks on a Road.” In The Norton Book of American
        Autobiography, edited by Jay Parini, 333-43. New York: Norton, 1999.

Encyclopedia or dictionary

-Reference works are usually not included in the bibliography.

Biblical reference

-The Bible is usually not included in the bibliography.

Article in a journal paginated by volume

An entry for a journal article paginated by volume includes the author’s full name, the
title of the article in quotations, the title of the journal in italics, the volume number, the
date of publication in parentheses, and the page numbers of the article.

Guedea, Virginia. “The Process of Mexican Independence.” American Historical Review
        105 (2000): 116-31.

Article in a journal paginated by issue

An entry for a journal article paginated by issue begins with the author’s full name,
followed by the name of the article in quotation marks. Then give the title of the journal
in italics, followed by the volume number and the issue number preceded by “no.”
(number). Include the date of publication in parentheses, followed by the page numbers
of the article.

Zimmerman, Jonathon. “Ethnicity and the History Wars in the 1920s.” Journal of
        American History 87, no.1 (2000): 92-111.

Article in a newspaper
An entry for an article in a newspaper includes the author’s full name, the title of the article in quotation marks, the title of the newspaper in italics, the exact publication date, and the section or page number of the article.

Barry, Dan. “A Mill closes, and a Hamlet Fades to Black.” New York Times, 16 February
        2001, sec.A.

An entire web site

An entry for an entire web site should include as much information that is available.
Begin with the author’s name followed by the title of the web site in parentheses, the date
of publication, the URL in angle brackets, and the date of access.

Rayburn, Kevin. The 1920s. 9 April 2000.
        <http://www.louisville.edu/~kprayb01/1920s.html> (6 March 2001).

Short document from a web site

An entry for a short document from a web site begins with the author’s full name and the title of the document. Then give the title of the web site in italics, the date of the publication, the URL in brackets, and the date of access in parentheses.

Connor, Sheila. “Historical Background.” Garden and Forest. Library of Congress. 23
        December 1999. <http://lcweb.loc.gov/preserv/prd/gardfor/historygf.html>
        (20 January 2001).

Online book
An entry for an online book begins with the author’s full name, followed by the title of
the book in italics. Then give the publication information, the URL in angle brackets, and
the date of access in parentheses.

Kramer, Heinz. A Changing Turkey: The Challenge to Europe and the United
        States. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Press, 2000.
        <http://brookings.nap.edu/books/0815750234/html/index.html>
        (16 November 2001).

Document from a database
An entry for a document from a database includes the author’s name, the title of the
document, the title of the journal followed by the volume and issue numbers. Also
include the date of publication in parentheses, the title of the database in italics, the name
of the service, and the date of access in parentheses.

Clark, Anna.“The New Poor Law and the Breadwinner Wage: Contrasting
        Assumptions.” Journal of Social History 34, no.2 (2000): 261. Expanded
        Academic ASAP, InfoTrac (20 March 2001).

*See source for more information on Chicago Style.
Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford, 2003.